Cultural Adjustment Problems Of International Students Essay

Cultural Adjustment Problems of International Students in the US In recent years, studying abroad has become a more attractive thing for young individuals. The number of students who are studying abroad steadily growing. Students who want to improve their knowledge and skills at the top universities of the world or explore different cultures are applying to study abroad programs. Many US colleges and universities are at the top of the rankings of world universities. The quality of education of the US colleges and universities and the differences of lifestyle in the US attracts the international students. For these reasons, US has one of the biggest international student populations in the world. According to the Institute of International Education (2016), during the 2015–2016 academic year, there were 1,043,839 international students from over 180 countries enrolled in U.S. institutions of higher education. As a result of these big numbers, the possible problems that international students might experience is also becoming a larger issue. While these students bringing their ethnic heritages, linguistic backgrounds and cultural worldviews to the US, they encounter some cultural adjustment problems in the US. During studying abroad experience, many international students are faced with language problems, homesickness, accommodation difficulties, social isolation, financial stress, cultural misunderstandings, and racial discrimination (Yakunina Weigold McCarthy,Show MoreRelatedAcademic Achievements And Social Adjustments Among International Students1665 Words   |  7 PagesInternational students face a variety of adjustments while studying in the United States. Researchers have provided an understanding of the kinds of adjustments international students have while adapting to university life, and one of the most discussed adjustments international student faces is with social adjustment (Andrade, 2014). Social adjustment is an effort made by an individual to cope with standards, values and needs of a society to be accepted. It can be defined as a psychological processRead MoreThe Tradition Of Traveling Abroad Knowledge1137 Words   |  5 PagesThere are hundreds of thousands internati onal students go to different countries for study every year. However, most people pay more attention to the advantages of study abroad, and ignore the stress of the international students. As a youth group, the international students have to deal with so many tasks, such as the acquisition of language learning, professional knowledge, research skills and effectively promote the understanding and trust between the international communities. Moreover, the mostRead MoreThe Importance of Education685 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Student attrition: Presentation Sometimes, the most important part of life is just showing up. This old clichÃÆ' © is also true about getting an education: once students have been accepted to an institution, they need to show up to their classes, and continue to show up throughout their academic lives at the institution. However, when students drop out of school, they usually do so by the end of their first year. This is true of transfers as well as new freshman. Often, the source of attritionRead MoreThe Problems Faced By The International Students Without A Social Security Number At Pittsburg State University1635 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 Review of literature: The problems faced by the International students without a Social Security Number at Pittsburg State University. 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In our research UK culture and international culture 67%Read MoreSocial Support, Stress, And Adaptation Of I mmigrants1430 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This proposed research is designed to handle the primary deficits in knowledge concerning the adaptation of immigrant s students to the U.S. Such problem has been caused by lack of information regarding the impact of immigration on the students who are of different age brackets as well as a lack of the longitudinal information regarding the post –migration adjustments. The primary aim for this study is on the behavioral, emotional as well as the academic adaptation of the immigrants adolescentRead MoreSupport Group For East Asian Students1343 Words   |  6 Pages Support Group for East and South East Asian Students in Counseling Program Ya-Chen Tsai University of North Texas â€Æ' Support Group for East and South East Asian Students in Counseling Program According to U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), East and Southeast Asian Americans is largely a result of the huge influx of immigrants from Asia, it stood at nearly ten million of the total U.S. population and nearly seven out of ten Asian Americans were born in Asia. One out of ten people living in the UnitedRead MoreInternational Student Retention Efforts : A Correlational Study1480 Words   |  6 Pages International Student Retention Efforts: A Correlational Study A Research Proposal Submitted to the Department of Graduate Education of Lincoln Memorial University For: EDUC 511 JoAnn M. Russell Fall 2015 Abstract International students attending U.S. colleges and universities bring valuable cultural and educational diversity as well as economic contributions to American campuses and their communities (Andrade, 2006). Internationalization on college campuses encourages culturalRead MoreThe Challenges Facing International Students in Higher Education1294 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges facing international students in higher education and suggest some possible solutions. Tutor Name: Kinga Maior Student ID Number: 2060494 Date of Submission: Thursday 2nd May 2013 Word Count: 1,004 The number of international students studying in the UK has soared over the past decade due to globalization. Paige (1990) defined International students as those individuals who temporarily lived in the foreign countries and received the education as exchanged students. The main reasonRead MoreChallenges Faced By International Students1007 Words   |  5 Pagesby international students in American academic institutions Mallika Mahanandi Wilmington University Challenges faced by international students in American academic institutions In the article â€Å"Academic culture shock† author Godwin A. Kara discuss about the American academic institutions and the culture shock faced by the international students and scholars in the academic system. In the opening lines the author states â€Å"There is a gradual increase in the number of international students and

Communication Solves Issues - 743 Words

Communication is an important way to resolve issues. The ways that human being communicates with each other depends on a variety of different circumstances. Circumstances such as relationships, that may get complicated because of poor communication efforts. The goal for effective communication techniques is to utilize proper listening skills and body language. The two styles of communication that is often compared when it is between male and females are instrumental and expressive. According to some researchers interactions between men and women involve them using these styles (Ashford, LeCroy, 2013). The difference between instrumental and expressive communication is said to be based on men and women styles of communicating. According to Haas (1979) the instrumental style often used as the male’s ability to argue, instruct and dispute. In other words it is often said that men tend to use their logical mind whenever the approach an issue. Expressive communication focuses on the expression of emotions as well as having a level of sensitivity in how others feel. This type of emotions that researchers say women display because they tend to be interested in others opinions and seeks to provide support. Instrumental communications focuses more of the male and their interest in having a more rational discussion about thing that they might be experiencing. In other words they are not quick to be emotional expressive. They tend to be more interested in solving a problem so theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The And Non Technical Lawyers1056 Words   |  5 Pagestheir inputs. An online form will be created to gather information from the lawyers. A secure link will be emailed to the lawyers to be able to access the form. My team wants to know about the issues they had in the past, how did they solve them, whom they contacted to solve the issues, and how the lawyers solve technical problems with their equipment. In the scenario. There are two groups of lawyers. One group has some technical skills and understands basic networking, and the other group does notRead MoreCommunication Challenges Among Cross Cultural Setting And Offshore Teams918 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the commun ication challenges among cross-cultural setting and offshore teams and understanding the ways to minimize the challenges will help everyone to reduce communication issues and increase performance. Many US based companies are utilizing the teams from India and china to reduce the product development cost. While reducing the cost, using offshore teams, they face multiple cross cultural issues. Management needs to understand these kinds of issues and way to solve or mitigate theRead MoreCommunication And Leadership - Nurse1028 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication and Leadership – Nurse Olivia Witte Communication is a tool that nurse leaders should master to send information, perception, and understanding to achieve work activities and goals. Effective communication involves clear and direct messaging of thoughts and ideas. The three elements that leaders utilize when creating and enhancing effective communication are trust, respect, and empathy. For this paper, I will discuss some of the issues found in chapter seven’s critical thinking exerciseRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Combat Turnover874 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization gives a manager the task of studying why the turnover rates of the organization have climbed to over 35% in the last 18 months. 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In order to help solve thisRead MoreInformation And Communications Technologies : Ict1354 Words   |  6 PagesINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNLOGY Introduction: - Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) education is basically our society’s efforts to teach its current and emerging citizens valuable knowledge and skills around computing and communications devices, software that operates them, applications that run on them and systems that are built with them.   Dimensions of ICT: - There are many important dimensions to ICT education, including: Analyze and apply appropriate academic standardsRead Morehow to overcome barriers to effective communication Essay example1515 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication in business is the passing on of ideas and information and building relationships in this way, however in the process of doing so sometimes some issues and conditions may arise that might hinder the ideas and information being passed on from being understood clearly these are what we refer to as communication barriers. Therefore, its very important to identify the barriers of business communication to get your message across clearly. Organizational communication involves formal andRead MoreLesson 6 Case Studies Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior and Leadership Sushil Pant October 17, 2014 Chapter 12 Effective Communication: Partnership in Italy. The given case is about effective communication. In the case, Melissa Chang who is handling all sorts of sourcing activities at the company, she is asked to travel to Venice, Italy to meet her company’s partnering company. She is asked to travel for solving the issues that has made a bad impression of her company towards the partnering company. As before also Melissa’sRead MoreBusiness Using A Process Structure Based Divisional Model1636 Words   |  7 Pagesand Asian markets. This specialization will make it easier for them to pick up on changing trends in the market and keep up with demand. We would not recommend this as the most effective solution, though it would solve some of the wider issues. This could create an even bigger communication between upper level management and first level employees. Matrix: Another valid structure that Theresa can implement is a matrix structure. This would use a combination of geographical and functional structures

Competitive Strategy for Industrial Management-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for Industrial Marketing Management. Answer: Introduction There are various management tools needed for business development. These tools allow business to work smoothly by avoiding all the problems. Some of the tools available are SWOT, PESTEL, 5F, RBV, PROFIT and I/O. Thus discussing the importance of these tools for development of business. These strategies help in knowing the competitive environment which helps in identifying the competitors market. It helps in exploring and improving marketing, operations and manufacturing area (Thokala, et. al, 2016). These tools help in. Preparing the plan for identifying the requirements. Scanning the environmental conditions by considering internal as well as external conditions of the business. Applying techniques to analyse the present state of business and taking to better future. SWOT Analysis It firstly maps the position of business in the market by analysing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the business. It analysis the business on terms of these four factors, focuses on maximizing the strengths and opportunities and minimizing the threats and weaknesses (Rauch, et. al, 2015). It helps the business by providing a clear view that provides a way to meet the objectives designed. It showcases the ways in which weakness could be revised. The growth plans are drafted according to the strengths and weaknesses so that market opportunity can be known. The threats which are discovered are studied and possible changes are made in the policy or strategies by revising it from the ground level. It also helps in creating weakness matching and converting it accordingly. This tool plays a significant role as it provides motivation in the business plan by determining the success (Phadermrod, Crowder and Wills, 2016). It helps in knowing the traits and q ualities that the business possesses to attract more customers and improve the financial resource. It assures to maintain the productivity of business by identifying the weakness and working on it. It helps to know what competitors are doing in the market, what is the reason of their success. Apart from that it is a cost effective approach and has wide range of usability, helps in promoting discussions and provides visual overview of business so that integration and synthesis could be done. It delivers motivation to upgrade the business plan by focusing on skills, capabilities, abilities and capacities. Thus to achieve business goals opportunities are capitalised and weakness is addressed. PESTEL Analysis This is also a tool that is used by businesses for development as it evaluates potential, economic, social, technological surroundings of a business. It helps in exploring business to good level by understanding the foreign market. It is very useful as it tracks the laws related to business and the growth of the company in terms of economy (Derbyshire and Wright, 2017). It also helps in understanding the target market by knowing the demographic factors like the population growth or the age distribution. It looks for the latest technologies and reveals better opportunities and resolves the failed cases. This tool is very easy to understand and helps the company for preparing the plans to remove the possible threats. It provides deeper understanding of business by raising the awareness. It is basically used for product specification, developing marketing plans and improving customer relations. This helps in reducing the impact of threats on an organisation and encourages the employees for developing better strategies. It exploits new opportunities by identifying the current need in the market and helps the business to enter into the market globally. It helps an organisation in exploiting new options and monitoring developments in the environment so that sustainable development evolves over time (Madsen and Walker, 2015). Five Forces Analysis It helps in knowing the position of business in the market. Thus to improve the position in the market it focuses on suppliers, customers, issues in the market place, threats related to the competitors in the market. It determines the scope of by understanding the current state and defining a path to move forward by establishing a baseline (Lee, Yoo and Kim, 2016). This tool helps in analysing the business and future prioritizing the opportunities on the behalf of business value. It focuses on identifying the steps to increase the positive changes in the market place. It creates plan to attract more customers and remove the barriers. It enables the suppliers to improve the uniqueness of the product, and also increase the buyers by gaining a good position in the market. Five forces help an organisation to know the factors that are affecting profitability of the competitor industry, so that decisions could be taken related to specific industry; whether to raise the capability of specific industry by deploying competitive strategies (Gabrielsson, Seppl and Gabrielsson, 2016). Thus it can be concluded for betterment of business a development tool is needed as they play an important role in providing the information about the market so that an effective business process can be developed. It analysis the complete external environment along with the internal capabilities implemented. As every business has a competitor in the market to defeat them strategy is needed (Acquaah, Amoako-Gyampah and Jayaram, 2016). It includes the acquisition of the current outcomes and coordination to serve better. Any development tool like SWOT, PESTEL or 5F can be used for defining the business purpose and describing what actually need to be achieved, by outlining a plan to achieve the ultimate goals and beat the competitor. It focuses on the efforts that need to be taken by redefining the long term goals and objective. These tools contribute in bringing more profit for an organisation by gaining more market share. It deals with customer satisfaction to be more successful. It ca n be stated thatstrategic analysisare essential for every business and is one of the most elementary and valuable tool forbusiness planning. References Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Jayaram, J., 2016. human resource Management and Market Orientation Strategies in Family and Non-family Firms in Ghana: how Do they relate to Competitive Strategy and Firm performance?. InFamily Businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa(pp. 123-153). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Derbyshire, J. and Wright, G., 2017. Augmenting the intuitive logics scenario planning method for a more comprehensive analysis of causation.International Journal of Forecasting,33(1), pp.254-266. Gabrielsson, M., Seppl, T. and Gabrielsson, P., 2016. Realizing a hybrid competitive strategy and achieving superior financial performance while internationalizing in the high-technology market.Industrial Marketing Management,54, pp.141-153. Lee, S., Yoo, S. and Kim, D., 2016. When is servitization a profitable competitive strategy?.International Journal of Production Economics,173, pp.43-53. Madsen, T.L. and Walker, G., 2015.Modern competitive strategy. McGraw Hill. Phadermrod, B., Crowder, R.M. and Wills, G.B., 2016. Importance-performance analysis based SWOT analysis.International Journal of Information Management. Rauch, P., Wolfsmayr, U.J., Borz, S.A., Triplat, M., Krajnc, N., Kolck, M., Oberwimmer, R., Ketikidis, C., Vasiljevic, A., Stauder, M. and Mhlberg, C., 2015. SWOT analysis and strategy development for forest fuel supply chains in South East Europe.Forest Policy and Economics,61, pp.87-94. Thokala, P., Devlin, N., Marsh, K., Baltussen, R., Boysen, M., Kalo, Z., Longrenn, T., Mussen, F., Peacock, S., Watkins, J. and Ijzerman, M., 2016. Multiple criteria decision analysis for health care decision makingan introduction: report 1 of the ISPOR MCDA Emerging Good Practices Task Force.Value in health,19(1), pp.1-13.

What does it mean to be alive Essay Example

What does it mean to be alive? Essay It is an odd question that, when thought about, really does curtail you. What is the definition of alive? Can one thing be more alive than another? If a list of objects were given, for example: the universe, the world, a human, a piece of paper, a tree, a thought, tomorrow, a person that is anatomically dead. Which would be more alive? The Universe, because it contains everything else? Or a thought because it assigns that very value to the Universe? A piece of paper more than a tree, because it has the potential to have something incredible drawn or written on it, and thus contains the life poured into it? Is tomorrow alive? It motivates action, so where does it go on the list? What about the dead person, are they alive? What if that person was Beethoven, or another famous musician or person in history. Do they live through the legacy of their actions? Its a question so convoluted by arbitrary criteria, and a lack of a definitive dead as a contrast. Because Alive is subjective to individual interpretation, there can be no perfect answer in the frame of the question. The best possible answer is in the terms and ideas of each individual. The question of what it means to be alive is superseded by the ability to give meaning to life. There is no answer except that each individual has their own answer, and any given answers perfection is subject to the frame of imperfection (the question) it lies in and the individual interpretation of that frame; as well as the interpretation of the one making a judgement on the answer. We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean to be alive? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean to be alive? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean to be alive? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Take for example, Rhain Davis, the boy that was picked up by Manchester United for his extraordinary talent in playing soccer. Imagine if Rhain values soccer as the greatest pleasure in life. To live, is to play soccer for him. If he continued playing soccer until he was finally signed on to play for Manchester United, picture his reaction if he were to lose both his legs in a plane crash the day after he was told. The person whose greatest value in life is soccer becomes unable to play soccer before his career began. Is his life over in the context of anatomical life and death? No. Is he alive? To an onlooker, perhaps his appearance carries their connotations of life. To the soccer player with no legs, though? If his life was soccer, what remains? To paraphrase my answer: To be alive is to give your own meaning to life. To make judgements to think. Everything is subservient to this, because before consideration is made as to what it means to be alive, you must define alive and its antonym. Only a thinking being is able to do that. A living being is one capable of giving its own meaning to the universe, its own interpretation of alive and dead. All else is dead.

Essay Sample on Software and Copyrights

Essay Sample on Software and Copyrights Sample essay on Software and Copyrights: Current copyright and patent laws are  inappropriate for computer software; their imposition slows down software development and reduces competition. From the first computer as we know them, the ENIAC, computer software has become more and more important. From thousands of bytes on miles of paper to millions of bytes on a thin piece of tin  foils and witched between two pieces of plastic, software has played an important part in the world. Computers have most likely played an important role in all our lives, from making math easier with calculators, to having money on the go with ATM machines. However, with all the help that has been given to us, we havent done anything for software and the people who write it. Software by nature is completely defenseless, as it is more or less simply intellectual property, and not a physical thing, thus very easily copied. Copied software does not make money for its creators, and thus they charge more for whats not copied, and the whole industry inflates. There are two categories of intellectual property. The first one is composed of writing, music, and  films, which are covered by copyright. Inventions and innovations are covered by patent. These two categories have covered for years many kinds of work with little or no conflict. Unfortunately, it is not that easy when dealing with such a complex matter as computer software. When something is typed on a computer, it is considered writting, as it is all written words and numbers. However, when executed by the computer, it functions like an invention, performing a specific task as instructed by the user. Thus, software falls into both categories (Del Guercio 22-24). It is generally covered today by copyright laws, for most mass market software at least. More advanced software or programming techniques, however, can be patented, as they are neither obvious nor old. This results in many problems which I will go into later. Copyrights last the lifetime of the author, plus 50 years, and can be renewed. Patents last only 17 years, but cannot be renewed. With technology advancing so quickly, it is not necessary to maintain the protection of the software for the length of the copyright, but also, it is sometimes necessary to renew them (Del Guercio 22-24), say, for a 10th sequel in a video game series or version 47.1 of Bobs Graphic Program. With copyrighted material, one is able to write software similiar to someone elses, so long as the programming code is their own, and not borrowed from the others (Del Guercio 22-24). This keeps the industry competitive, and thus results in better software (because everyone is greedy, and they dont want to fall behind). With patents no one is allowed to create software that performs a similar functions. Take AutoCAD and TrueSpace 2, two 3D modeling programs. TrueSpace 2 would be a violation of patent laws, as it performs a very close task to AutoCADs, which came first. Luckily for us, CAD programs are not new, they have been around for more than 10 years, and no one thought to patent them. Thus, you can see the need for change in the system. The current laws regarding the protection of intellectual material cannot adequately protect software, they are either too weak or too strict. We need a new category of protection. The perfect protection law would most likely last for 10 years, renewable. This is long enough to protect a program for as long as it is still useful, and allows for sequels and new versions just in case. It would also have to allow for others to make similar software, keeping the industry competitive, but it would have to not allow copying of portions of other software (because you cant quote something from someone elses software like you can with a book). However, there are many who dispute this, and I can see their point. Current copyright laws have and will protect software effectively, it can be just as protected as other mediums (Cosgrove). This is true sometimes, however, to copy a book would take time. You would have to type up each page to make a copy of it, or at least photocopy or scan each page, and it would most likely take up much more time than its worth. To copy a computer program however, takes seconds. Changing the law would take time and money, you might be saying. It would be a tremendous hassle in Congress to have a new law written just to cover that Information Superhighway thingy. Yes, thats true too, but to not change the laws will cost more. With the ability to patent new and non-obvious software functions comes serious problems. The latest new technology, be it ray-tracing 3D engines, anti-aliasing software, or a new internet exploring fad can be patented. This would mean that only one company and its software could use it. Any other companies that wanted to use the software would have to pay them a large sum of money for the rights. Also, since patent hearings are conducted over a period of 3 years, and in secrecy, company a might create a software package and then apply for a patent, and company b may create better software during that period, and might become quite successful, and then bam, the patent is given to the company a, who prompty sues the pants off company b. T his stagnates the computer industry; it used to be that company a would retaliate by making better software (Del Guercio 22-24). For example, Lotus software. They used to make data organization software. Up until I did this report, I thought they had gone out of business, because I hadnt heard about anything new being done by them. Well, while I was researching, I found the appalling truth. When patenting of software became acceptable in the early 90s, they closed up their RD departments and called in a bunch of lawyers to get them patents on all their programming techniques (Del Guercio 22-24). Ever since then, theyve been selling out the rights as their primarily (and Im willing to bet, only) business. This could even be taken to the extremes of actually patenting simple methods of handling data, such as say, mouse support. Now, it cant happen to mouse support as it is today, but in the future, something  undoubtedly will replace the mouse as the preferred method of input, for instance, in what may be a virtual reality future, the glove might be the input device. Anyway, say it did happen to mouse support. Every single program that uses mouse support would have to pay a fee for the rights to do so. This would result in higher software prices (arent they high enough?), and reduced quality in the programs, as they have to worry about the legalities more (Del Guercio 22-24). Needless to say, the patenting of software is not a widely loved policy, mostly embraced by large corporations like Lotus and Microsoft (Tysver Software Patents). Smaller companies and most often consumers are generally against it. Even with all the legal problems Ive mentioned that arise with current laws, thats not all. The complexity of software protection laws brings up a large degree of confusion. I myself thought that copyrights lasted 7 years until I read this. I asked 15 people in a chat room on the Internet what they knew about software protection laws, and only one of them knew that software could be patented. 12 of them thought that it cost lots of money for a copyright, which it doesnt. Its $20 for a copyright at most, and $10000 at most for a patent. 5 of them thought that software copyrights lasted 7 years (hey, its a popular misconception, I thought so myself at one point). And last but not least, 10 of them believed that there was no laws regarding the copying of software (there are, but theyre virtually ineffective). Now that you know all about the legal and business aspects of software protection, lets take a look at how it can affect you. Say youve got a web page, and youve got a link on your web page to your friend Bobs web page, and hes got a link on his page to JoeS LeeT PiRaCY aND WaReZ, and on that site, there is a link to a pirated copy of AutoCAD. Then Joe gets busted. Joe will almost certainly be in trouble, Bob will likely be either questioned or considered responsible, depending on the blatancy of the link, and YOU will likely be questioned and your page might be monitored for a time (Bilodeau). One such example is my web page. I had a link from my page (the Wierd Wide Web) to Archaic Ruins, which is a site regarding information on emulators of old video game systems. When the operator of Archiac Ruins got sued by a video game company (I think it was Konami), I too got questioned, and had my page had ANY questionable material on it, I would have been sued. Thankfully, I was too lazy t o work on the page, as I had planned to put up a page that had really old videogames. Who said procrastination was bad? How can you prosecute someone for a crime that is undefined? Thats a question many people are asking. What is a copy of software? Is it a physical clone of the media it came on? Or is it the code duplicated to someplace else? If so, where else? Currently, software copying is generally considered a copy of the code someplace else but thats a problem. We all know that a backup of software is a copy, but did you know that even running the software creates a copy of it? Yes, it does. When you load a program, it goes into your computers memory, and is legally considered a copy. While the copy does not stay indefinitely, it does stay long enough to perform a certain task, and can and has been looked upon as a form of software piracy, as stupid as that sounds. (Tysver Software Patents) BBS (Bulletin Board Systems, small online services run by normal people) Sysops (system operators) are legally considered responsible for all the files that are available on their system (Elkin-Koren). While at first this seems like an obvious thing, after all, it is their computer, they should know whats on it. However, if you had ever run a BBS before, which I do, youd know that its hard, if not impossible to know whats on your computer. Planet-X, my friend John Morses BBS, which I co-run, has 50 calls a day. Of those 50 calls, about 35 of them upload or download software. Neither one of us is constantly monitoring the system, nor is there a way to make the computer automatically check to see what happens. Thus, about half of the public files on the BBS we dont know about. Lets take a look at an example of BBSs and copyright, and how they oh-so-beautifully coincide. Sega Ltd., maker of the Sega Genesis and Sega Gamegear, recently sued the Maphia BBS for making Sega Genesis ROMs publically available in a download section. This section was a type of digital rental as it is commonly known in the BBS community. Commercial software publically available for download, on an on-your-honor system, you had to delete the files after a short period of time (24-48 hours). Unfortunately for the Maphia BBS, they did not have a disclaimer, stating that the files must be deleted after a trial period, and thus, Sega was able to sue them for it, as without the disclaimer, there was no proof that they had used the digital rental system, and thus it was not fair use, as it could be used for monetary gain by the downloader (not having to buy the game). Of course, it could be used for that purpose WITH the disclaimer, but the disclaimer does just that, disclaims the BBS operator of the responsibilities of that copy of software (Elkin-Koren). Another such case was the case between Playboy (I think we all know who that is), and the Frena BBS. The public file areas on the Frena BBS frequently contained image files, and more often than not, they were adult image files. Well, I dont know exactly how it happened, but Playboy somehow found out that this BBS had some scanned photos from a Playboy magazine, and because they have the copyright to all their photos, they w ere able to sue the operator of the Frena BBS. The operator had no idea that there were any Playboy images on his system (Elkin-Koren). Speaking of image files, they too can be a problem with software protection. Say youve got an image file that someone had copyrighted. You load it up in a photo-retouching program, and add a big old goat in the background and paint the sky red. Then you remove the artists file name. Viola, the picture is now semi-legally copyrighted to you, as it has been significantly changed from its original, although I wouldnt recommend going to court over it (Grant 12). All you have to do is change a very large portion of the image files coding. Technically, darkening or blurring the image, changing the file format, or interlacing the file changes the file entirely, and thus, its yours. Sounds too easy? It is. Copyrights and patents are designed to help the media it protects. But in the case of technology, its actually hindering it. CD-ROMs contain a lot of information, and are the perfect media for music. A lesser known media, the Digital Video Disc, or DVD, is much more versitile, containing 26 times the storage compacity of a CD-ROM, and 11500 times more than a standard floppy disk, or about 17 gigabytes (the largest hard drives are 9 gigs). However, DVDs are not available to the public. Why? Because of the ease of copying them. Weve all dubbed tapes, its easy to do. However, we often opt for higher quality originals, because there is always a bit of degradation in the copies (although its very small now). With DVDs, a copy is exactly that, a copy. No degradation, no reason to buy an original. All the big companies are really scared by this technology, because it will take another five bucks out of their pockets. DVDs would be one of the greatest advancements in the short history of computers, but because of the shadier uses it could be used for, well never see it. I like to compare it to the Internet, its very useful, but it can be used for illegal purposes. You be the judge (Ross 134-140). Luckily, we may yet someday see DVDs, because several companies are developing copy protection schemes for them, to stop the casual home hacker/copier. Macrovision, for instance, is producing hardware for the DVD player that will make them incompatible with VCRs (the easiest dubbing-to platform, the equivilant of CD to audio tape). It will send output through the audio/video out ports that when played on a TV, will appear normal, but when played through a VCR, will have color stripes running sideways across the screen. This is due to the differences between the ways the two work (Ross 134-140). So as you can see, current methods of protecting software are a hinderance on the software industry. The problems outweigh the benefits, but with a new law, the industry would be able to keep the benefits and minimize any drawbacks. Instead of having to nitpick over who wrote something that did something similar, it would be back to who wrote something more powerful than the other guy, and thats what makes the industry great, competition. Oh, and Id like to add that I broke copyright law a total of 13 times in the making of this report, when I made a copy of each reference with the school copying machine (James 16), although it was fair use, so Im not in any trouble (Ruth). You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Software and Copyrights topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Biography of Automobile Inventor Gottlieb Daimler

Biography of Automobile Inventor Gottlieb Daimler In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler (together with his design partner Wilhelm Maybach) took Nicolaus Ottos internal combustion engine a step further and patented what is generally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine. First Motorcycle Gottlieb Daimlers connection to Nicolaus Otto was a direct one; Daimler worked as technical director of Deutz Gasmotorenfabrik, which Nicolaus Otto co-owned in 1872. There is some controversy as to who built the first motorcycle, Nicolaus Otto or Gottlieb Daimler. The Worlds First Four-Wheeled Automobile The 1885 Daimler-Maybach engine was small, lightweight, fast, used a gasoline-injected carburetor, and had a vertical cylinder. The size, speed, and efficiency of the engine allowed for a revolution in car design. On March 8, 1886, Daimler took a stagecoach (made by Wilhelm Wimpff Sohn) and adapted it to hold his engine, thereby designing the worlds first four-wheeled automobile. In 1889, Gottlieb Daimler invented a V-slanted two cylinder, four-stroke engine with mushroom-shaped valves. Just like Ottos 1876 engine, Daimlers new engine set the basis for all car engines going forward. Four-Speed Transmission Also in 1889, Daimler and Maybach built their first automobile from the ground up, they did not adapt another purpose vehicle as had always been done previously. The new Daimler automobile had a four-speed transmission and obtained speeds of 10 mph. Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft Gottlieb Daimler founded the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1890 to manufacture his designs. Wilhelm Maybach was behind the design of the Mercedes automobile. Maybach eventually left Daimler to set up his own factory for making engines for Zeppelin airships. First Automobile Race In 1894, the first automobile race in the world was won by a car with a Daimler engine.

Capital Punishment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital Punishment - Term Paper Example The arguments of Pojman, which supports capital punishment, were based on three premises from anecdotal evidence. First, the deterrent effect of an object is increased with the increased degree of fear it can cause to a person. Second, people fear death more than any humane punishment, and third, death penalty is a humane punishment. From these premises, the author concludes that the death penalty is a more effective mechanism to deter people from committing homicide compared to long imprisonment (277). The argument presented was potentially sound since it was supported by coherent reasoning. However, while the first premise is logical, the last two premises have a potential conflict since not all criminals are fearful of death and generally, capital punishment is inhumane. Nevertheless, the author’s conclusion still follows his premises since there is a high chance that potential criminals will avoid committing first degree crime if they are aware that the sentence that await s them is death compared to long imprisonment. However, it is argued that capital punishment is not an appropriate sentence to major offenders. There is also a strong contention against the principle that the death penalty has a greater deterrence compared to long imprisonment. ... However, it is argued that life as it is, has an intrinsic value. This makes it unjust and immoral to permit the gambling of the lives of murderers. For the anecdotal argument, one of the premises of the proponent states that the death penalty is a humane punishment. This premise is a weak assumption since it is contended that the moral values of society do not perceive death penalty as acceptable. Thus, killing a person is inhumane. Due to the weak premises of the proponent, it cannot be concluded justly that capital punishment, in contrast to long term imprisonment, has a greater deterrence among potential criminals. A study of Donohue and Wolfers on the homicide rates in US revealed that there is no statistical evidence to prove that the death penalty has a substantial deterrent effect on homicide commission. The findings of the time series analysis showed that as the death penalty execution rose up from 1920s to 1930s, homicide rates also increased while both of the execution and homicide rates went down from 1940s to 1950s (796). Moreover, Donohue and Wolfers also conducted a comparative study between Canada and US to determine if execution rates can significantly reduce homicide rates. The findings showed that both US and Canada showed similar changes in homicide rates amidst country specific legislations that directly affected their execution rates. For instance, when Canada did not conduct executions in 1962, its homicide rates were still close to the US. In a similar way, when US suspended its death penalty policy in 1972, both the execution and homicide rates of US and Canada rose altogether (799). This study supports the argument that capital punishment does not significantly influence homicide rates,

Unfair Dismissal And The Equality Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unfair Dismissal And The Equality Act - Essay Example The first thing that a tribunal has to look at before it makes an award for a claim brought under unfair dismissal is to first look at the substantial merits of the case as was shown in the case of Iceland Frozen foods limited .vs. Jones the tribunal held that as to the substantive merits of the case they did not regard Mr. Jones failure to be serious and did not regard it reasonable to dismiss him on those grounds. Does Sarah woods case have substantial merit to constitute a claim? In the case of Sarah Wood, her employer discriminated against her on the basis that she could not speak Spanish and that she was not a Catholic. This also led to harassment from his employer and eventually her dismissal. The Employment Act provides for two tests when looking at a claim for unfair dismissal. It will first look to see if the employer acted reasonably in dismissing the claimant and further if the employer had fair reasons to dismiss the claimant. In the case of Sarah Woods, her employer did not have fair reasons to dismiss her and he did not act reasonably in doing so. There are dismissals that the employment tribunal regards to be automatically unfair even if the process of the dismissal was appropriate. These dismissals are those that fall under discrimination and especially based on race and religion. Race and religion fall under protected characteristics. There are several protected characteristics (S.4 of the Equality Act 2010) laid down in the Equality Act. These characteristics are aimed to be protected from discrimination (Deringer, 2010, p.1). Mr. Rodriguez disregarded the fact that Sarah woods had protected characteristic and contravened the equality act. This led to the discrimination of his employee. Which form of discrimination than did Mr. Rodriguez portray?

Course Syllabi- History of Graphic Design Essay Example for Free

Course Syllabi- History of Graphic Design Essay Course Description History of Graphic Design is a critical contextual research and survey study of the intents, influences, practices, and artifacts of graphic design. The course will be structured on readings, research, and visual presentations on subjects of designer activities throughout history with an emphasis on the broader historical context of the planning, production, form, distribution, reception and cultural integration of graphic design Student Handbook The Student Handbook is now available digitally rather than in hard copy. It can be found on the PNCA website (under Student Life) and on Homeroom (Home page, under PNCA Essentials). Disability Support PNCA is in compliance with federal law requiring colleges to provide reasonable accommodations for students with documented physical and/or learning disabilities. If you have a disability that might affect your performance in this class, please make it known to the instructor. Learning Outcomes At the conclusion of this course, the student should be able to : - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Demonstrate and articulate in discussions, writings, and visual presentations an understanding of the historical context of the creation of a work of graphic design (i.e. time, place, culture, intents) - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Synthesize readings and lectures and be able to formulate and post discussion points and prepare visual examples for peer review and feedback (as comments) using online tools - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Utilize, and bibliographically document, a range of resources used for the study of the history of graphic design (books, journals, periodicals, online, interviews) - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Creative Practice Identify the roles, activities, and trades of communication design professionals throughout history and distinguish specific fields related to and integrated with the profession of graphic design - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Learning Outcomes are linked to PNCA’s Core Values which are: Identify and articulate the influence of fine art (theories, trends, aesthetics, visual styles) on the work of graphic designers Integrated Knowledge, Critical Thinking, Cultural Inquiry Social and Ethical Responsibility Course Content initiate, and participate in, discussion on the planning, process, production and distribution of works of graphic design - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Effective Communication - ­Ã¢â‚¬  formulate a connection of the cultural influences on design from history with practices of contemporary graphic designers through examples, writings, and discussions Assignments for this Class: - ­Ã¢â‚¬  - ­Ã¢â‚¬  - ­Ã¢â‚¬  - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Required Readings and discussion with evidence of comprehension Weekly Subject Research and On-line Posting to Homeroom Weekly In-Class presentations Final Research Paper Topics for weekly research will include: Design during Cultural Upheavals / World Conflicts Design for Social Causes / Design for Social Good Design for Commerce, Consumption, Commercialism Information Design / Dissemination and Distribution of Information Technological Changes and its Influence on Graphic Design Design as Author, Designer as Artist, Whole Designer The Concept of Brand and the Development of Brand Identity Low Design / Bad Design Major Benchmarks in Typography Reactionary Design / Culture Jamming Expectations/Policies for this course: Students are required to read and to be ready to articulate a response to all readings assigned in class. Each week there will be an assigned subject research topic that will require independent sourcing, image documentation, writing, and on-line posting on the ‘Homeroom’ site established for the course. Each student will make a 5-10 minute presentation of each assignment postings during classtime with an expectation of the use of prepared supported notes for verbal elaboration on the material presented. In-class and on-line participation in the form of response and discussion and will be expected and recorded. A final research project on the relatedness of the topics of historical practice presented to the practices of a contemporary designer or design firm/group will be in the form of a research paper. (8-10 pages minimum) Attendance You will be allowed two absences without additional penalty although you are responsible for any work that is missed. The third absence will result in the lowering of an entire letter grade from the computed final grade. A fourth absence will result in a final failing grade of F. Missing 30 minutes of a class period (during any part of the scheduled classtime) counts as an absence. Frequent tardiness (less than 15 minutes) will accumulate to absences (3 tardies =1 absence) Number of hours students are expected to work outside of class: This class meets for three hours per week, and six hours of work outside of class are expected. (3 credits) Grading Criteria †¢ Weekly Research Assignments timely completion / in-class presentation preparedness and comprehensiveness †¢ In-Class participation/contributions †¢ On-Line participation/contributions †¢ Final Research Paper Materials / Supplies Required: †¢ Access to, or ownership of, equipment to scan/photograph (digitize), upload and review visual and text information on a regular daily basis. (Computer and Camera/Scanner) †¢ Money for photocopying (approx. $20 projected) †¢ Flash Drive (2-4gb) Recommended: History of Graphic Design text purchases (Personal library) Bibliography The books listed here are predominantly larger volumes dedicated to a broad overview and history of graphic design. (More may be added during the semester) Many less comprehensive but key texts are available in the library as well as journals and periodicals that are specific to designers, styles, and various other edited groupings – these should be sought out and reviewed andutilized especially for more indepth study on a research subject. Major Texts of the History of Graphic Design Those mark with asterisk* are on reserve shelf at front desk of PNCA library and are available on 3 hr. check out (note: many of these text have duplicates or earlier editions and are available for longer check out periods if needed) Title: Meggs, History of Graphic Design, 4th Edition* Author(s): Philip Meggs, Alston Purvis Publisher: Wiley ISBN: 978047169902 Library Call#: Z 246 .M43 1983 Title: Graphic Design, a Concise History* Author: Richard Hollis Publisher: Thames Hudson world of art ISBN 0500203474 Library Call#: NC 998 .H65 1994 Title: Graphic Design: a New History* (1st and 2nd Editions) Author: Stephen Eskilson Publisher: Yale University Press ISBN: 0300120117 Library Call#: NC 998 .E85 2007 (1st Edition in Library*) Students are invited to contribute to the additions to this bibliography through their weekly research and presentation. All sources should be cited using MLA citation methods. Title: Graphic Design History, A Critical Guide* Author(s): Johanna Drucker, Emily McVarish Publisher: Pearson/Prentice Hall ISBN: 0132410753 Library Call#: NC 998 .D78 2009 Title: Graphic Design in America* Author(s): Mildred Friedman, Joseph Giovannini, Steven Heller Publisher: Walker Art Center ISBN: 0810910365 Library Call#: NC 998.5 .A1 G65 Title: Design, Writing, Research* Author(s): Ellen Lupton, Abbot Miller Publisher: Kiosk ISBN: 1568980477 Library Call#: Z 246 .L86 1996 Title: Communication Design, Principles, Methods, and Practice Author: Jorge Frascara Publisher: Allworth Press ISBN: 1581153651 Title: A Century of Graphic Design Author: Jeremy Aynsley Publisher: Barron’s Educational Series ISBN: 0764153242 Library Call#: NC 998.4 .A96 2001 Other Readings: Journal: Visible Language 28.3, New Perspectives, Critical Histories of Graphic Design, Pt. 1 Critiques Editor and Publisher: Sharon Poggenpohl Digital reference (Links) sites should be added to online postings On-Line History of Graphic Design Reference www.designhistory.org Weekly Course Schedule Week 1 6 Sept Week 2 13 Sept Friday, 13 September is the last day to add or drop a class. All information (dates, times and assignments) in this schedule is subject to change at any point during the semester. Updates will be announced and posted. Welcome / Introductions Class Expectations / Syllabus Overview / Course Structure / Assignments Using Homeroom / Communication Expectations Course Resources Reading Assigned (Posted on Homeroom) Critical Histories of Graphic Design Discussion of Readings on the approaches to History of Graphic Design development Lecture: Brief History of Graphic Design, Pt.1 Read on Homeroom these posted excerpts for this class: Graphic Design History, a critical guide, by Drucker and McVarish, Communication Design, Principles, Methods, and Practice, by Frascara, Graphic Design, a Concise History, by Hollis, Megg’s History of Graphic Design, by Meggs and Purvis, Visible Language 28.3 New Perspectives: Critical Histories of Graphic Design, article by Blauvelt Also read (for this classes visual lecture): â€Å"Prehistoric Prelude to Graphic Design† from Graphic Design History, a Critical Guide, by Drucker and McVarish Week 3 20 Sept Lecture: Brief History of Graphic Design, Pt.2 Read on Homeroom these posted excerpts for this class: â€Å"Early Writing: Mark Making, Notations Systems, and Scripts† from Graphic Design History, a Critical Guide, by Drucker and McVarish Lecture: Conventions and Norms Overview of Weekly Research Project Topics, Objectives, Goals, Expectations, Methods Introduction of Topic 1: Design during Cultural Upheavals / World Conflict Week 4 27 Sept Student Research Presentations of Topic 1: Design during Cultural Upheavals / World Conflict Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 2: Design for Social Causes / Design for Social Good Week 5 4 Oct Student Research Presentations of Topic 2: Design for Social Causes / Design for Social Good Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 3: Design for Commerce, Consumption, Commercialism Week 6 11 Oct Student Presentations of Topic 3: Design for Commerce, Consumption, Commercialism Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 4: Information Design / Dissemination and Distribution of Information Week 7 18 Oct Student Presentations of Topic 4: Information Design / Dissemination and Distribution of Information Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 5: Technological Changes and its Influence on Graphic Design Week 8 25 Oct Student Presentations of Topic 5: Technological Changes and its Influence on Graphic Design Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 6: Design as Author, Designer as Artist, Whole Designer Friday, 25 October is the last day to withdraw from a class. Week 9 1 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 6: Design as Author, Designer as Artist, Whole Designer Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 7: The Concept of Brand and the Development of Brand Identity Week 10 8 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 7: The Concept of Brand and the Development of Brand Identity Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 8: Low Design / Bad Design Week 11 15 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 8: Low Design / Bad Design Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 9: Major Benchmarks in Typography Week 12 22 Nov Student Presentations of Topic 9: Low Design / Bad Design Monday, 18 November SP14 registration begins Questions and Discussion Introduction of Topic 10: Reactionary Design / Culture Jamming Week 13 29 Nov Thanksgiving Holiday. No class. Week 14 6 Dec Student Presentations of Topic 10: Reactionary Design / Culture Jamming Questions and Discussion Final Paper Topic Determination Week 15 13 Dec Final Paper Draft Due – Individual Meetings Week 16 20 Dec Final Class – Course Wrap-up / Overview Friday, 20 December Last day of classes. Please note: The rest of the template is uniform for all PNCA classes, it includes: PNCA grading policy, statement on plagiarism, library ACE. This section should be included in any electronic versions of the syllabus, but doesn’t need to be distributed to students in paper form. ACE The Academic Center for Excellence (ACE) @PNCA is a peer driven support network for students at all levels. ACE provides in person and online assistance with the following: study skills, digital tools, research, writing and editing strategies, math, professional practices (rà ©sumà ©s, cover letters, documentation), idea generation, project management, organization, and more. For more information, location and hours, please visit the ACE Homeroom site: http://homeroom.pnca.edu/sites/1019 About Your Library The Charles Voorhies Fine Art Library provides research assistance, help with citations and bibliographies and a place to document your artwork. Whether you are looking for articles, books, audio collections, DVDs, or Web resources, the library can help! For research help contact Dan McClure ([emailprotected]) and for help with library materials contact Serenity Ibsen ([emailprotected]). More information is available at www.library.pnca.edu. Statement on Academic Integrity PNCA values intellectual honesty and encourages authentic expression, independent thinking and original writing. The College expects that all work conducted and submitted by our students shall be the combined result of original thought and ethical research. All acts of plagiarism, whether deliberate or unintentional, are considered a violation of the Student Code of Conduct and will not be tolerated on the PNCA campus. It is the student’s responsibility to be aware of and to act in accordance with the PNCA Guidelines for Academic Honesty. This is a document that defines plagiarism, discusses the conventions of ethical research and documentation, and explains the appropriate uses of source materials. These guidelines also describe the student’s responsibility for maintaining documentation and evidence of research in order to verify originality in all writing assignments at PNCA. The document: PNCA Guidelines for Academic Honesty is provided for you in the following locat ions on campus: the Student Handbook, the Library’s Homeroom site, the Academic Integrity HomeRoom site, the ACE HomeRoom site, the Foundation HomeRoom site, the Liberal Arts Homeroom site. You may also view written copies of the PNCA Guidelines for Academic Honesty in the office of Student Services, the Academic Dean’s office, and the PNCA Library. Student Information + Responsibilities Students are expected to have in their possession a current edition of the Student Handbook. Students are responsible for all the information contained in the handbook, and should refer to the handbook frequently for deadlines, policies, procedures, and responsibilities. Student Handbooks are available in the office of Student Services. Students are expected to check their student mailboxes frequently for communications from their instructors or from the administrative offices of the college. Week Two is the last week that you may add or drop a class with no penalty. Week Eight is the last week that you may withdraw from a class with a â€Å"W.† PNCA Grading Criteria This is the institutional grading policy for all PNCA students. Grades are distributed after the end of each semester. Grading Criteria Grade A: Student performance is outstanding. Student exhibits excellent achievement and craftsmanship in all aspects of work. Student exceeds the problem criteria and consistently challenges himself/herself to seek fresh solutions to assigned problems. Student exhibits a commitment to expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are excellent. Grade B: Student performs beyond requirements of assignments. Student exhibits above-average progress and craftsmanship in all work. Student meets and exceeds the problem criteria. Student exhibits above-average interest in expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are above average. Grade C: Student performance is average and all requirements are fulfilled. Student exhibits an average level of progress and improvement in all work. Student meets the problem criteria. Student exhibits interest in expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are adequate. Grade D: Student performance is uneven and requirements are partially fulfilled. Student’s output is minimal. Student exhibits minimal improvement in work. Student does not meet the problem criteria in all assignments. Student exhibits minimal interest in expanding ideas, vocabulary and performance. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are less than adequate. Grade F: No credit earned. Student fails to meet a minimum performance level. Student does not exhibit achievement, progress or adequate levels of craftsmanship in all assignments. Student’s work is consistently incomplete or unsuccessful. Student’s attendance, participation and class involvement are inadequate. Pass/Fail Grade: A Pass/Fail grade will be given for designated courses in which the course content is such that direct faculty oversight of the learning experience is not possible, and evaluation on the present grading scale would be difficult. â€Å"Pass† implies a â€Å"C† grade or above. â€Å"Fail† implies less than a â€Å"C† grade and course work graded as â€Å"Fail† does not apply to the degree. Pass/Fail grades are not calculated in the grade point average. This grading applies to Internships. Graphic Design Co-op uses traditional letter grades. Incompletes In certain situations, a student may request an â€Å"Incomplete† grade in a class. You may petition for an â€Å"Incomplete† only if your situation meets both of these conditions: 1. An extenuating circumstance exists and it has prevented you from completing the coursework (Extenuating circumstances are illnesses, family, emergencies, etc.), 2. You are currently in good standing in the class. See the Student Handbook for more information about Grades and Incompletes.

Be Warned and Study Justice:The Shifting Definition of Justice in Virgi

Be Warned and Study Justice:The Shifting Definition of Justice in Virgil’s Aeneid A twenty-first century reading of the Iliad and the Odyssey will highlight a seeming lack of justice: hundreds of men die because of an adulteress, the most honorable characters are killed, the cowards survive, and everyone eventually goes to hell. Due to the difference in the time period, culture, prominent religions and values, the modern idea of justice is much different than that of Greece around 750 B.C. The idea of justice in Virgil’s the Aeneid is easier for us to recognize. As in our own culture, â€Å"justice† in the epic is based on a system of punishment for wrongs and rewards for honorable acts. Time and time again, Virgil provides his readers with examples of justice in the lives of his characters. Interestingly, the meaning of justice in the Aeneid transforms when applied to Fate and the actions of the gods. Unlike our modern (American) idea of blind, immutable Justice, the meanings and effects of justice shift, depending on whether its subject is mo rtal or immortal. Before discussing justice in the epic, it is important to establish the meaning of the term. For our present purpose, justice will specifically apply to the social system of moral checks and balances. Acts that are valued in society are rewarded materially or emotionally. Acts that are devalued lead to punishment. Also, recipients of unmerited punishment receive compensation for their injuries. Often, a person is seen as the embodiment of the value of their action, thus a person can be seen as â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad,† and the consequences of justice that affect them are based on the general value of their general actions. The value given to actions is based on a soc... ...are confronted with the question of moral absolutes, we are forced to wonder when and to whom justice truly applies. Hopefully, we will look at our world and our ideas of right, wrong and retribution in different ways, ways that will enlighten and enrich our lives, and the those of the an audience of readers 2,000 years from now. Works Cited Braund, Susanna Morton. â€Å"Virgil and the Cosmos: Religious and Philosophical Ideas.† The Cambridge Companion to Virgil. Charles Martindale, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. 204-221. Solmsen, Friedrich. â€Å"The World of the Dead in Book 6 of the Aeneid.† Oxford Readings in Vergil’s Aeneid. S. J. Harrison, ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. 208-223. Virgil. The Aeneid. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. Williams, Gordon. Technique and Ideas in the Aeneid. New Haven, Ct: Yale UP, 1983.

Persuasive speech on volunteer work Essay

Intro It seems like most people who are trying to persuade you to do volunteer work are always trying to get you at their one specific company or organization. They show you all the benefits of working there and everything you should get out of it, all the reasons why it’s the best place to go. I’m sure one reason after another goes in one ear and out the other, especially when you have to listen to so many of them. Well today I want to discuss why any volunteer work is important in itself and it’s not so much about where you go or what you do but rather that you go out there and do it. First I will start with the importance of volunteering and why you personally should get involved, then I will talk about why volunteering should be voluntary and at a place that interests you (that’s not something we are used to thinking about but an important point nonetheless), and last tell you about what I learned during my volunteer work and why the Riley Arena Ice Rink in Cody WY is one great option for getting out there and starting to volunteer. Body The Importance of Volunteering 1. How it helps the community and why it is needed a. We all live in a community and the condition of it affects who we are and what we do. If its run down or has high standards b. A simple act of kindness can change a whole persons day or even their life c. Volunteering provides needed labor that may otherwise not be provided i. WY is ranked 18th in the country for volunteer work with about 30 Percent of residents consistently volunteering. (www.VolunteeringinAmerica.gov) it’s a pretty good number but I think we can do better. ii. In 2012 a total of 14.8 Million hours of work was given by WY residents resulting in $327 Million dollars’ worth of service iii. The sad part- a big chunk of those people are all over the age of 55. We need young people do to this too! I’m sure your thinking well that’s because I don’t really get anything out of it, that’s why only old people do it†¦but that leads to my next point of how it helps you 2. How it helps you specifically a. Learn new skills that can come in handy in life i. According to www.worldvolunteerweb.org 73 percent of employers would rather hire a person with volunteer work than without. and 94 percent of employers think that volunteer work can add useful skills to the job. ii. 94 percent of employees who volunteer actively either got a raise in salary or promoted over the employees who don’t volunteer. If the raise came down to you and one other person b. Increased sense of self-worth i. People who volunteer actively are 63 percent more confident in themselves according to that same study. I don’t know about you but I sure could use a bit more confidence, especially up here. ii. It can give you a sense of belonging and of being needed. This is bigger for men than woman because a lot of times men want to be useful and seen as doing good for the benefit of others. It’s who we are and volunteering is a great way to accomplish that. c. Provides opportunity to meet new people i. Meeting new people could lead to contacts in the future and it’s always a good idea to know as many people as possible, whether its people you are working with or helping serve ii. You never know when having friends will come in handy iii. Can introduce you to people in completely different walk of life or environments and that could be life changing in itself. Why Volunteering Should Be Voluntary 1. We usually don’t think about what doing volunteer work really means. We tend to skip across a big point†¦that it’s our choice to do. 2. According to Google.com the word voluntary comes from the Latin word Voluntas which means â€Å"out of free will† a. If we are going to pick somewhere to volunteer at it should be somewhere that we want to work at. Make it something that’s important to you! This will help in multiple ways including i. Increased happiness when doing the work. No one wants to be bored all day with something they don’t believe is important. ii. The quality of work is improved which makes the place you are helping at even more thankful iii. Sense of self-worth is even higher because we are helping with something that we know is needed b. If you don’t volunteer with something you value  you will get bored and not enjoy doing the work thus resulting in less time spent doing the work. So what’s the point then? It’s all about our will and what we think is right. Riley Arena Ice Rink –now I get to tell you all about my work here and why it’s a great place to start a volunteering career at 1. Background of Riley Arena a. Ice Skating Rink in Cody WY that started in 1999 by Mr.Riley (according to the riley arena website that is) b. During warmer months it also holds banquets and other large gatherings which can be scheduled through their website c. Homes the Yellowstone Quake hockey team 2. Why it’s a good start a. The work wasn’t too hard, mostly just time consuming. We mopped the floor and bleachers a few times b. They were very flexible with the hours that we wanted to come in help and always seemed thankful for us to be there. c. It really does look great on a resume and will let people know you volunteered at a â€Å"cool† place (it is an ice rink after all) 3. How and why it fit me a. I found a lot of pride in volunteering here because I felt like it’s somewhere that doesn’t get a lot of attention but still needed people to help at, even if it was cleaning bathrooms. b. Although I wasn’t out saving the world, or the children, or the animals, or the elderly†¦I was still making a difference in people’s lives. Conclusion In the end that’s what really matters anyway right, helping people in need and being a blessing in someone’s life. Volunteering is about helping the community around you and at the same time helping yourself, whether that is advancing your career or just making yourself feel good. You should try to volunteer somewhere that you believe is important and that you can make a difference, otherwise it won’t be fun for anyone involved. If you’re looking for somewhere to start your volunteering life then you could try out the Riley Arena but more importantly than going there is that you just get out there. Take a little time out of your  busy schedule and make a difference in someone’s live, because you never know what you will get out in return.  Thank you! Works Cited http://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org http://www.helpguide.org http://www.rileyarena.coma

Sap Swot

Use Porter’s â€Å"5 forces† model to analyze the attractiveness of the standardized business software industry and SAP’s strengths and weaknesses. ?Threats from competitors: differentiation protects a company from competitors when customers develop brand loyalty for its products. It is very costly and time consuming for a company to implement a new ERP system. One of the examples given by the case was Chevron, which spent over $100 million and 2 years installing and getting its R/3 system operating effectively. Therefore, once customer implements SAP software for the company, it rarely changes to another competitors’ product. Power suppliers: powerful suppliers become less of a problem because the differentiated company’s strategy is directed toward the premium price it can charge and it can often pay along price increases to loyal customers. For a software company like SAP, there aren’t many suppliers except database and consultants. SAP ma de the wrong decision of outsourcing both at the early stage of its business. As a result, they lost first-hand knowledge of its customers’ emerging problems and an understanding of the changing needs of its customers.In the 1980s, SAP did not develop its own database management software package; its system was designed to be compatible with Oracle’s database management software. This had repercussions later when Oracle began to catch up technically and develop its own ERP software platform in the 2000s. ?Power buyers: differentiators are unlikely to experience problems with powerful buyers because they offer a distinctive product that commends brand loyalty. SAP focused on the largest multinational companies with revenues of at least $2. 5 billion because these companies would reap the biggest cost savings there.These companies are willing to pay the premium price as they believe the saving in time and costs outweigh the cost of implementing SAP ERP system. ?Substitut e products: substitute products are only a threat if a competitor can develop a product that satisfies a customer need similar to the need met by the differentiator’s product. In this case, SAP had faced this challenge in the 1990s when its competitors, such as Oracle, Baan, PeopleSoft, and Marcum were catching up technically and focused their resources on the needs of one or a few industries, or a particular kind of ERP module. New entrants: a new company must find way to make its product distinctive enough to be able to compete, which involves an expensive investment in building some type of distinctive competence. Although only a few global organizations have the resources to compete with SAP, the new entrants threats are still very high in the software industry as technology development and innovation by others could make SAP become obsolete one day. Sap Swot Use Porter’s â€Å"5 forces† model to analyze the attractiveness of the standardized business software industry and SAP’s strengths and weaknesses. ?Threats from competitors: differentiation protects a company from competitors when customers develop brand loyalty for its products. It is very costly and time consuming for a company to implement a new ERP system. One of the examples given by the case was Chevron, which spent over $100 million and 2 years installing and getting its R/3 system operating effectively. Therefore, once customer implements SAP software for the company, it rarely changes to another competitors’ product. Power suppliers: powerful suppliers become less of a problem because the differentiated company’s strategy is directed toward the premium price it can charge and it can often pay along price increases to loyal customers. For a software company like SAP, there aren’t many suppliers except database and consultants. SAP ma de the wrong decision of outsourcing both at the early stage of its business. As a result, they lost first-hand knowledge of its customers’ emerging problems and an understanding of the changing needs of its customers.In the 1980s, SAP did not develop its own database management software package; its system was designed to be compatible with Oracle’s database management software. This had repercussions later when Oracle began to catch up technically and develop its own ERP software platform in the 2000s. ?Power buyers: differentiators are unlikely to experience problems with powerful buyers because they offer a distinctive product that commends brand loyalty. SAP focused on the largest multinational companies with revenues of at least $2. 5 billion because these companies would reap the biggest cost savings there.These companies are willing to pay the premium price as they believe the saving in time and costs outweigh the cost of implementing SAP ERP system. ?Substitut e products: substitute products are only a threat if a competitor can develop a product that satisfies a customer need similar to the need met by the differentiator’s product. In this case, SAP had faced this challenge in the 1990s when its competitors, such as Oracle, Baan, PeopleSoft, and Marcum were catching up technically and focused their resources on the needs of one or a few industries, or a particular kind of ERP module. New entrants: a new company must find way to make its product distinctive enough to be able to compete, which involves an expensive investment in building some type of distinctive competence. Although only a few global organizations have the resources to compete with SAP, the new entrants threats are still very high in the software industry as technology development and innovation by others could make SAP become obsolete one day.

Managing and Leading Strategic Change

Managing and Leading Strategic Change Introduction According to Weick and Quinn (1999), organizational change is a fundamental practice. Organizational change involves numerous practices that aim at introducing new approaches. Enhancement of organizational functions leads to the improvement of performance in organizations. It includes the restructuring of organizational functions so as to pave the way for the introduction of the desired changes in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing and Leading Strategic Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the change affects the culture of an organization as it may call for an overhaul of organizational norms and routines. In this paper, it is argued that organizations have varying practices. The introduction of these practices impede to the management of change. According to Cameron Green (2004), the success and sustainability of organizational performance can be achieved throu gh the strategic management of change in organizations. When managing change in companies, managers need to be aware of the potential impacts of introducing change programs in the organization (Burnes, 2004). The most critical factor that needs to be given attention in the management of organizational change is the culture of an organization. Strategic change often affects the culture of a company and should thus be planned and implemented by factoring in all the operational features of organization (Stace and Dunphy, 1991). This paper discusses the management of strategic change in business ventures. The study looks into organizational culture and how it is affected by strategic change. The paper discusses how the culture of an organization affects the introduction and implementation of change programs. In the paper, it is argued that organizational culture can affect organizational change in either a positive or negative way. Organizational Culture Theory and strategic change Orga nizational culture entails the values, beliefs and attitudes that are held by a firm. These elements define the practices implemented in an organization. Organizational members often consider organizational realities based on their practices. Patterns of behaviour in organizations are best explained through observing the culture of organizations. Culture is critical to the routine operation of a firm. Management of the organization is faceted by the culture of the particular company (Daft, Murphy Willmott, 2010). Therefore, any force that is likely to induce changes in the culture of an organization brings about disturbances to its management. However, modern organizations operate in an environment that is dynamic and continues changing all the time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that they have to keep adjusting their managerial styles. This has a dir ect impact on culture. In most cases, organizational change programs are seen as sources of conflict in the managerial practices of organizations. Change brings about new practices. Organizational members often get it hard to adapt to the new practices because of the habit to use long-held approaches (Amagoh, 2008). According to Stace and Dunphy (1991), organizational culture shapes the internal environment of a company. Culture in the context of an organization is composed of many practices, which define the operational environment of an organization. It includes the long-held assumptions, practices and norms. It also includes the rules and modes of organizational operations developed over a long span of time. The long-held practices of an organization are often normalized and form part of the code of conduct for the organizational employees. Culture includes written and unwritten codes to which organizational employees are to be adhered. They are considered to be valid by organiza tional members and thus commonly accepted and widely practiced. The valid practices and long-held patterns of conducting organizational practices are combined to form the corporate culture. The corporate culture presents itself in a number of ways. The main way through which the corporate culture is manifested in the organization is the mode of business activities. The flow of business transactions differs from one organization to another. The nature in which firms are organized is part of the culture of the company. The other salient feature which depicts the culture of a certain business venture is the manner in which power is distributed in the entity (Fineman, 2008). Power structure which defines the distribution of power and authority in organization varies from one company to the other. This separates one firm from another, hence it is a component of organizational culture. The treatment of organizational workers, customers and the other publics is also a component of organiza tional culture. Therefore, it is worthwhile to deduce that organizational culture is derived from a wide range of organizational functions. The manner in which these functions are performed by companies is what is referred to as corporate culture. Corporate culture defines the characteristics of organizations and how they play out in the interaction between the organization and the environment in which the business operates (Fineman, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing and Leading Strategic Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship between organizational culture and strategic change management Organizational culture is the strongest force in organizations. Therefore, it is quite hard to eliminate the long-held practices in a company. However, organizational change has forces which demand a restructuring of organizational operations. With organizational change, the interruption of the cultu re of an organization is an unavoidable activity. Strategic change management is a desired activity in organizations given to the fact that organizations operate in an environment that keeps changing. Change, which occurs in the external environment, necessitates strategic change in organizations as well. The goals and objectives set by the firm are patterned by strategies. Strategies help in the organization to discharge of duties among its workers and managers. They propel organizations towards meeting the laid-down goals. The need for organizational change emanates from forces in the larger environment in which firms carry out their activities. In order to adjust to the forces and maintain their performance records, organizations are often forced to make adjustments to their activities. This helps them in absorbing the stocks from these forces and forging ahead with their operations without impediments. In some cases, change is not only necessitated by the forces of the external environment (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis, 2005). The need for improvement of internal efficiency also necessitates organizational change. Strategic change management is a process that entails a deep look into the operations of the environment and the need to improve the operations through the introduction of new ways of handling organizational tasks. Strategic change can take place in two ways. One of the models of strategic change in companies is the introduction of new programs to replace the prevailing programs. Such cases occur when there is a need for an overhaul of organizational functions so as to meet the demands of the external environment of a firm (Fineman, 2008). For a business company, this is a common practice due to the existence of competition from the external environment. Business firms face a lot of competition in the market, therefore, they keep monitoring trends in the industry and adjust to those trends accordingly. They also keep monitoring other business fir ms which are considered to be their rivals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, change in strategy by their competitors forces them to make changes to an equal degree in order not to be competitively disadvantaged in the market. As they keep working, organizational managers seek to identify areas of weakness in organizations. Organizational weakness resonates from a number of features. These include policies, structure, operational environment and strategies (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). The identification of the areas of weakness is a crucial step for organizational managers as these areas are the sources of inefficiency in the operation of the companies. Therefore, change is needed in streamlining areas which have weaknesses. This means that the routine operations will be interfered with so that the operations can be streamlined. Organizational change is a continuous process. Change occurs in cycles. This means that change cannot be avoided. Change prevails at all times. Strategic change has an enormous impact on the organizational culture. With o rganizational change, the culture of an organization is often subjected to adjustments (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). According to Teece, Pisano and Shuen (1997), organizations keep seeking for better means of improving efficiency and effectiveness in performance. Unlike in the ancient times when organizations stuck to certain modes of operation, modern organization are dynamic. The ancient environment favoured the maintenance of organizational culture because the ancient operating market was less competitive as compared to the current one which is distinguished for high competition. Modern organizations highly embrace dynamism. This is caused by the fact that there is high competition and the need to attain a competitive position in order to benefit from the operational environment. Organizations keep searching for mechanisms of improving the processes of management. Strategic change management is thus a dynamic process which enables organizations to develop and implement strategic goals. Strategic goals are often detailed and seek to address issues within organizations. Organizations engage in a wide rage of activities. Most of these activities force organizations to make changes to their structures (Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997). Corporate change and strategic management – influence on organizational culture Organizations seek to raise the levels of performance by diversifying their programs and functions. Corporate strategies lead organizations to the attainment of practices and activities that help them in meeting their corporate goals. Corporate change starts by the evaluation of the competitive landscape within which an organization works. Organizations are required to analyse their capabilities. Capabilities of organizations are reflected in their assets and liabilities. Strategies of change are often developed based on operational capacity of firms. Strategic changes are implemented using organizational resources. This means that limitation of organizational resources will often pose difficulties in the implementation of corporate change. Corporate change entails cumulative changes that are made to the design of organizations (Lucke, 2003). Corporate change is driven by the need for an improvement of organizational practices so as to capitalize on opportunities that exist in the operational environment. On the other hand, corporate change may be directed at eliminating harmful effects that come from the environment. All in all, the motives for organizational change are to improve the performance of an organization. In situations where the forces in the environment are too strong, companies may be forced to use resources to put them in a position in which they cannot be swayed by the forces. In case of mounting pressures from external organizations, businesses are left with limited options. They work under limited timelines. If it takes them longer to adapt to changes, they are bound to fail. Thus, they make quick adjustm ents to corporate functions. This is a risky exercise and puts organizations in a tight angle. Corporate change has to be aligned with organizational strategies. However, this is a daunting task because change results in modification of organizational culture from which organizational strategies are derived (Alvesson, M Sveningsson, 2007). As earlier observed, the current management environment is competitive and highly dynamic. Therefore, firms engage in various activities to help them in keeping pace with their rivals. Organizations must learn to deal with different pressures that result from change as it is a process that cannot be avoided (Argyris, 2001). Organizational change is an activity that has a high degree of dynamism. An example of such activities that are commonly practiced by firms as a way of raising their competitive strengths are mergers and acquisitions (Kavanagh Ashkanasy, 2006). Mergers and acquisitions are among the practices in strategic change management. T hey are part of the operational strategies that are applied by many firms today (Buono Bowditch, 2003). They have an immense impact on the culture of organizations involved. Acquisitions and mergers have proved to be effective mechanisms of attaining growth, corporate diversity and rationalization of organizational operations. According to Van Knippenberg and van Leeuwen (2001), mergers and acquisitions entail a wide range of activities which have a direct effect on the culture of organizations. When organizations involve in merger and acquisitions, they are forced to adopt new models of working. Firms which have emerged often come up with a new charter that defines the functioning of the resultant organizations. Structures of operation used by each organization keep changing. This means that new cultures are developed by such strategic practices of managing firms. Therefore, organizational leaders that are involved in conducting merger and acquisitions are often faced with difficu lt tasks. They have to ensure that they align the structures of the organization with its function. Stable working organizations are developed when the culture of companies, taking part in merger exercise, is properly aligned (Kavanagh Ashkanasy, 2006). This helps in eliminating hitches that may hinder the work of such organizations. Introduction of new structures involves a change in the style of leadership in organizations. Change in organizational leadership necessitates modifications in the pattern of work. Experts in strategic leadership and management argue that change in cross organizational contact is realized when organizations communicate changes to all their members (King et al., 2004; Herscovitch and Meyer, 2002). The impact of radical change on the stability of organizational members Huy (2002) observed that there are different circumstances that necessitate the introduction of change programs in organizations. In a number of cases, organizational managers introduce ra pid change to contain certain situations. Rapid change is introduced to aid in arresting certain situation which seem trivial to organizational functioning. While rapid change programs are applauded for mitigating the barriers to organizational performance, they also have negative effects on the emotional stability of the companies. Rapid changes come with rapid adjustments to work patterns in the businesses. In most cases, employees are taken aback with these change programs. Stability of emotions among organizational employees is a crucial factor. Employees feel more content when they are performing the tasks that they are used in organizations. Rapid changes introduced may require employees to perform the tasks which they had gotten used to performing in the past. The nature and pace of adjustments are defined by the rapid change programs which are often undesired. The situation is further aggravated if there is a failure of organizational managers to perform a quick assessment o f the organization, prior to introducing such program (Fineman, 2003). In most cases, such programs end up failing to meet their intended objectives because they do not take into account the emotional state of organizational employees. The emotional state of employees is determined by the operational norms of an organization, thence organizational culture. Every activity, which has the potential to sway the mental state of employees, needs to be approached with caution. Therefore, the quality of strategic management is critical at this stage. The introduction of such change programs calls for closer supervision, guidance and continuous encouragement of workers as they perform the stipulated tasks. Emotional intelligence management is highly desired in the discharge of duties that come with rapid change programs in organizations (Plowman et al., 2007). Diversity of strategic options may occur in challenging and at the same time in normal times. In any case, the quality of leadership which is part of organizational culture becomes the key determinant of effective choices (Delbridge, Gratton and Johnson, 2006). The high level of professionalism of organizational leaders is desired since it helps them to make rational decisions for organizations. If mistakes are made at this stage, then there is a high likelihood of missing the mark in pursuance of change in organizations. In most cases, organizational members differ with the choice of strategies. Sound leaders are manifested at this crucial point (Latta, 2009). This helps organization in reaching consensus about the desired strategies. The choice of change strategies is affected by the culture of an organization. The choices that are made by the managers must be compatible with organizational operations (Pettigrew, 1990). Conclusion Change is a desired practice in the management of organizations. Organizational change entails the introduction of several adjustments to the operations of the companies. Change in or ganizations is a dynamic process. Strategic management of change is a combination of activities that help businesses in meeting the demand from the external environment. It has a direct effect on organizational culture. It is therefore imperative to say that culture can have both positive and negative impacts on organizational change. When the practices of an organization favour a given course of events, which denotes change, then it becomes easy to implement change programs. When a number of new organizational programs and process impact heavily on organizational norms, it becomes difficult for organizations to implement the programs and processes. In such cases, it forces organizations to devise and implement strategies which would ensure that organizational members and structures absorb change. Organizational culture entails the practices that are embraced by business ventures. From the discussion, it can be deduced that organizational culture is highly impacted upon by change pr ograms. Strategic change programs are desired as they help organizations adapt to the practices of strengthening the competitive forces of organizations. Leading strategic change entails the analysis of organizational practices and making recommendations that favour the performance of companies. More often, organizational change involves practices that force organizations to make substantial adjustments to their system of operation. Many companies are working on modalities of improving performance. Most organizational practices have a significant effect on the way firms work. It is, therefore, vital for organizational managers being vigilant as they introduce new programs. Change programs have many aspects of dynamism which affect organizational culture. Reference List Alvesson, M Sveningsson, S 2007, Changing Organizational Culture: Cultural Change Work in Progress, Taylor Francis, New York, amazon.com/Changing-Organizational-Culture-Cultural-Progress/dp/0415437628. Amagoh, F 200 8, ‘Perspectives on Organizational Change: Systems and Complexity Theories’, The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, vol. 13 no. 3, 1-14, innovation.cc/scholarly-style/amagoh3dec2008jag2rev1.pdf. Argyris, C 2001, On Organizational Learning, Blackwell, London. Bamford, D Forrester, P 2003, ‘Managing planned and emergent change within an operations management environment’, International Journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 23 no. 5, 546–556, emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=849475show=pdf. Buono, A F Bowditch, J L 2003, The human side of mergers and acquisitions: Managing collisions between people, cultures, and organizations, Beard Books, Washington, DC, http://books.google.com/books?id=MqRPbirnnBcCprintsec=frontcoverhl=ru#v=onepageqf=false. Burnes, 2004, Managing Change, Pearson Education, UK. Cameron, E Green, M 2004, Making Sense of Change Management, Kogan Page, London. Clegg, S, Kornberger, M, Pits is, T 2005, Managing and Organizations: An introduction to Theory and Practice, Sage, London. Daft, RL, Murphy, J Willmott, H 2010, Organization theory and design, South-Western Cengage Learning, Andover, amazon.com/Organization-Theory-Design-Richard-Daft/dp/0324598890. Delbridge, R, Gratton, L Johnson, G 2006, The Exceptional Manager, Oxford University Press, Oxford, amazon.co.uk/Exceptional-Manager-Making-Difference/dp/0199228736. Fineman, S 2003, Understanding Emotion at Work, Sage, London, amazon.com/Understanding-Emotion-Work-Stephen-Fineman/dp/0761947906. Fineman, S 2008, Emotional organization; Passions and the Power, Blackwell, London, amazon.com/Emotional-Organization-Passions-Power/dp/1405160306. Herscovitch, L Meyer, J P 2002, ‘Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 87 no. 2, 474–487, http://journals1.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/tmp/14169021142071216180.pdf. Huy, Q N 2002, ‘Emotional balancing of organizational continuity and radical change: The contribution of middle managers’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 47 no 3, 31–69, jstor.org/stable/3094890. Kavanagh, M H Ashkanasy, N M, 2006, ‘The Impact of Leadership and Change Management Strategy on Organizational Culture and Individual Acceptance of Change during a Merger’, British Journal of Management, vol. 17 no. 2, 81–103, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00480.x/abstract;jsessionid=6FF0A229F3A627D5E02A5DBF14D6E133.d01t03?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=false. King, D R, Dalton, D R, Daily, C M, Covin, J G 2004, ‘Meta-analyses of post acquisition performance: Indications of unidentified moderators’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25 no. 2, 187–200, http://journals1.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/tmp/8961001857065712972.pdf. Latta, G F 2009, ‘A Process Mode l of Organizational Change in Cultural Context (OC3 Model): The Impact of Organizational Culture on Leading Change’, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, vol. 16 no. 1, 19-37, http://skat.ihmc.us/rid=1GSQPFH9L-D6KVCN-Q90/A%20Process%20Model%20of%20Org%20Change%20in%20Cutural%20Context.pdf. Luecke, R 2003, Managing change and transition, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, amazon.com/Managing-Change-Transition-Richard-Luecke/dp/1578518741. Pettigrew, A 1990, ‘Studying strategic choice and strategic change: a comment on Mintzberg and Waters, ‘Does decision get in the way?’, Organization Studies, vol. 11 no. 1, 6-10, http://journals1.scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/tmp/12659491582356535299.pdf. Plowman, D, Baker, L, Beck, T, Kulkarni, M, Solansky, S, Travis, D 2007, ‘Radical change accidentally: the emergence and amplification of small change’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 50, no. 3, 515–543, http://bus.utk.e du/mgt/faculty/personal/plowman/documents/AMJradicalchange.pdf. Stace, D Dunphy, D 1991, ‘Beyond traditional paternalistic and developmental approaches to organizational change and human resource strategies, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 22 no. 3, 263–284, tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585199100000068. Teece, D, Pisano, G Shuen, A 1997, ‘Dynamic capabilities and strategic management’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18 no. 2, 509–533, http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~charlesw/s591/Bocconi-Duke/Papers/C10/TeecePisanoShuenSMJ.pdf. Van Knippenberg, D Van Leeuwen, E 2001, ‘Organizational identity after a merger: Sense on continuity as a key to postmerger identification’, In: M. A. Hogg and D. J. Terry (eds), Social identity processes in organizational contexts, Psychology Press, Philadelphia, http://gpi.sagepub.com/content/13/4/461.refs. Weick, K E Quinn, R 1999, ‘Organizational change and developmen t’, American Review of Psychology, vol. 50 no. 4, 361-86, http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/docview/205830411.